SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT

Now I would like to write about SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT. For the first time Im study this tract Im not really clear about this tract but dont worry im good now. 

For this tract there are about 10 point that you can write. ( this is as for me. if you have more then it good. the more the better). I provide a picture so you can easily imagine what the heck im writing about. 

I provide extra large picture.

 THE KEY POINT!!! 
Because I told you just now there are about 10 important point so there are also 10 important key point that will help you and me remember this tract
                          1) receptor cell bodies & first order neuron 
                          2)dorsolateral tract of Lissauer 
                          3)1st synapse
                          4)2nd order neuron cell bodies
                          5)2nd order neuron 
                          6)brainstem 
                          7)spinal leminisci
                          8)cell bodies of 3rd order neuron
                          9)2nd synapse 
                        10)termination 

There are the key point. I know you wont understand what the heck is that. Lets me write properly all  the point 
Firstly, you need to write about receptor cell bodies and first order neuron
- Receptor cell bodies located at dorsal root ganglion. Afferent fibres of first order neuron enter dorsal root ganglion. 
- Then, first order neuron will ascend or descend 1 or 2 segment known as dorsolateral tract of Lissauer
- First order neuron will synapse with second order neuron in dorsal horn of spinal cord
-Second order neuron cell bodies located at dorsal horn of spinal cord 
-Second order neuron will cross obliquely to the opposite site in the anterior gray commissure,anterior white commissure and anterolateral white column 
- Then it will ascend through brainstem 
                                lateral part to medulla oblongata
                                posterior part to pon
                                tegmentum part to midbrain
                               anterolateral part of spinal cord
-Both anterior and lateral spinothalamic tract with spinotectal tract will form spinal leminisci 
-Cell bodies of third order neuron lies at ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus of thalamus 
-Second order neuron synapse with third order neuron and then fibres pass through posterior limb of internal capsule and corona radiata
-The fibres terminate at the primary somesthetic cortex




                       

VITAMIN K

Today topic is about vitamin. Specifically vitamin K. Nowadays, my friends are crazy about vitamin. So I wanna write about vitamin.

Basically, as a medical student we should know about vitamin K. Why? Because it important for blood clot

If you want to write essay about vitamin K you should consider about it function, metabolic and nutritional aspect.
You must be wondering about how to write its metabolism. When you write about metabolism, you should write about its absorption, storage.
And if you wanna write about nutritional aspect,you should write about its sources, deficiency, toxicity and its recommendations.
*or you just write whatever you want.
 LETS BEGIN

 FUNCTION
- Main function of vitamin K is helps bloot clot.
 why?
 vitamin K required for glutamatic acid to change to gamma-carboxy glutamic acid. Prothrombin, factor 7,    factor 9, factor 10 have gamma-carboxy glutamic acid in their structures.
- Vitamin K administered before operation to reduce bleeding during surgery
- Vitamin K administered to all new borns
- Vitamin K needed for making key protein for bone formation.

SOURCES
- Bacteria synthesis in the Gastrointestinal tract
-vitamin K RICH food ( liver, green leafy vegetable,member of cabbage family)
-vitamin K SMALL amount ( milk,cereal, fruit,egg)

DEFICIENCY
Deficiency of Vitamin K is unlikely. EXCEPT
-NEWBORN BABY ( why?)
because they have clean GI Tract, because inadequate stores
-PERSON THAT TAKE ANTIBIOTIC
because the bacteria have been killed by antibiotic
major symptom : haemorraging (loss of blood )

TOXICITY
high dose of vitamin K reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs

RICH IN VITAMIN K

SOME QUESTION

HI!! today I will make my post really simple.. I just wanna give a mnemonic regarding lobule of cerebellum.This is my assessment exam question. First time i saw this question, i think what the heck. i have no idea at all about any lobule. so I thought i should use my creative thinking.  
          

         Lobule of cerebellum
       A culmen                                          

       B   tonsil                                         

       C   lingual                                 

       D  uvula                                     

       E  flocculus  

you may try this question.

THIS IS THE MNEMONIC 

2CD Utama Plain white t's Faris Telah Nadia Larikan.(again sorry because i couldn't make it in english)

2C-culmen

    -central lobule

D- declive

Utama- uvula

Plain white t's- pyramis 

Faris- folium  

Telah- tuber

Nadia- nodule

Larikan- lingula 

If you think my mnemonic is not helping. well do it by yourself. be creative.till then.. bye.. 

sincerely, 

Aldrin

HEMOSTASIS

So for my next post, I would like to write about hemostasis. BE  CAREFULL!! Don't get confuse between HEMOSTASIS and HOMEOSTASIS. 

Following the free dictionary by farlex (which i found in the internet) hemostasis can be defined as the arrest of bleeding by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means.(basically hemostasis is just about blood. don't need to over think about it) and homeostasis is a  tendency to equilibrium or stability in the normal physiological states of the organism ( again to make your life easier homeostasis is about body regulate)ion.) 

Ok let's begin our topic for today... 

HEMOSTASIS

Hemostasis consists of 5 components which are:
- blood vessel
-platelet
-coagulation factor
- coagulation inhibitor
- fibrinolytic system 

In my university, this topic is quit important. It's always come out in exam. So I already created a mnemonic for you and me to remember. 
BP Cik Cukup Fabulous. (sorry i couldn't think about english mnemonic) 

B- blood vessel
P- platelet
Cik- coagulation factor
Cukup- coagulation inhibitor
Fabulous- fibrinolytic system 

I won't explain any further. (sorry). but i would like to give another mnemonic regarding platelet. 
If you don't know platelet will carry on primary hemolytic plug. There are 5 components in hemolytic plug which are :
ADHESION 
SHAPE CHANGE
RELEASE REACTION 
AGGREGATION OF PLATELET
PLATELET PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY                                               
(ASRAP)

IRON ABSORPTION

So for this post i provided  picture. ( I just figure it out a couple of minutes ago). Now i would like to write about IRON ABSORPTION. Iron is one of the important mineral rquires by our body. If our body lack of iron we may obtain anemia. Before we can talk about anemia lets know how iron can be absorbed in our body. This is the interesting process though. 

Must know fact!! 

 Iron is absorbed more efficiently at duodenum and less efficiently in jejunum.This is basic. 

•  Firstly, iron released from protein-complex by acid and proteolytic enzyme in the stomach and small intestine 
• haem also liberated from haemoglobin and myoglobin.
• Absorption may occur when iron in ferrous state (Fe2+)
• So ferric (Fe3+) will be converted into (Fe2+) by enzyme ferric reductase
• absorption of iron favour by factor such as acid and reducing agents because those factor can keep iron in Fe2+ rather than Fe3+
• Dietary iron absorb in apical membrane of mature erythrocyte 
• haem-bound iron take up by haem receptor while non-haem bound iron transported by DMT-1
• so iron either be stored within the cell as ferritin or be transported by ferroportin 
• DMT-1 protein transfer the iron from lumen of the gut across enterocyte micovilli 
• ferroportin at basolateral surface control the iron uptake from the cell into portal vein
• amount of iron depends according the body need by changing the amount of DMT-1 and ferroportin 
• HFE (human haemochromatosis protein) expressed in the crypt cell and bind with TfR(transferrin receptor). 
• It also control the amount of iron uptake by the portal vein into the cell

THE WALL OF MIDDLE EAR CAVITY

Last time i write about the content of middle ear cavity. it quit easy right. haha. So this time i would like to write about its walls. Again if you have picture that will be much better. And again i dont put any picture because i dont know how. Im quit stupid about technology though. 
So back with our discussion. As you all know our beloved middle ear has a cube shaped.    ( in case you dont know i tell you now). As cube has 6 walls,our middle ear also has 6 walls. 

SIX WALLS OF MIDDLE EAR !!
- ROOF ( TEGMENTAL WALL) just remember tegmen means upper part.
-FLOOR( JUGULAR WALL)
-ANTERIOR(CAROTID WALL)
-POSTERIOR ( MASTOID WALL)
- LATERAL ( MEMBRANOUS WALL)
-MEDIAL ( LABYRINTHINE WALL)

Lets discuss one by one 
ROOF (TEGMENTAL WALL)
 It is formed by tegmen tympani. Tegmen means upper and tympani basically is ear.
Roof is important because its separates the cranial and middle ear cavity

FLOOR(JUGULAR WALL)
because the name is jugular. So this wall formed by jugular fossa. 
This wall separates middle ear cavity and superior bulb of jugular vein

ANTERIOR ( CAROTID WALL) 
Again because its name is carotid. So obviously this wall must be related to carotid.
This wall is formed by carotid canal, opening of auditory tube, and tensor tympani

POSTERIOR (MASTOID WALL) 
So again this wall somehow must be related to the word mastoid.
This wall formed by aditus to mastoid antrum and canal for facial nerve descent

LATERAL( MEMBRANOUS WALL)
This wall formed by tympanic membrane and epitympanic recess

MEDIAL (LABYRINTHINE WALL)
This wall formed by promontary
Its separates inner ear and middle ear cavity 

P/s : Sorry my english is not good. i'm not english master anyway.

CONTENTS OF MIDDLE EAR CAVITY

Because of several difficulties i cannot post the picture.(actually i dont know how to do it..hehe)
Actually picture is quit necessary to discuss about this topic. But its okay. Life still goes on.

Back to middle ear . First lets talk about the middle ear contents. The content of middle ear that i should know is just 5 only.. I know it not challenging at all..
The contents are: 1) TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
                           2) EUSTACHIAN TUBE
                           3) OSSICLES
                           4) AUDITORY MUSCLES
                           5) TYMPANIC CAVITY 

The mnemonic for this content is -----> Eli Talk TO AMber
which are Eli is for eustahian tube
               Talk is for tympanic membrane
               T is for tympanic cavity
                O is for ossicles
                AMber is for auditory muscle